Laurente v. Helenar Construction, G.R. No. 243812, [July 7, 2021]

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Laurente v. Helenar Construction

G.R. No. 243812, [July 7, 2021]

SECOND, LOPEZ, M.

 

Illegal Dismissal; Security of tenure; Regular Employment; Strained Relationship test

The determination of regular employment is based on the nature of the job performed, not the employment contract.

 

Freddie B. Laurente, a painter, filed a complaint for Illegal Dismissal with Money Claims against Helenar Construction and its owner Joel Argarin before the Labor Arbiter. Freddie claimed that he was a regular employee performing necessary and desirable work for the construction business of the respondents. He narrated that he had been continuously working as a painter for respondents' various projects since April 2012. However, on October 24, 2014, he was required to sign a labor contract for a period of three months, which he refused to sign. Subsequently, he was barred from entering the construction site.

Respondents argued that Freddie was not their regular employee but a subcontractor hired by William Bragais. They claimed that it is a common practice in the construction industry to hire subcontractors for specific works. The Labor Arbiter ruled in favor of Freddie, declaring him as a regular employee and ordering respondents to pay him backwages, separation pay, service incentive leave pay, and 13th month pay. 

 

Whether Freddie is a regular employee of respondents. 

YES. The Court emphasized that the determination of regular employment is based on the nature of the job performed, not the employment contract. The test is the reasonable connection between the employee's activity and the usual business of the employer. In this case, Freddie's work as a painter was necessary and desirable for respondents' construction business, making him a regular employee.BThe Court rejected the argument that Freddie was a project employee, as there was no evidence that he was adequately informed of his status as a project employee at the time of his engagement. The labor contract presented by respondents was deemed an afterthought to deny Freddie the benefits of a regular employee. 

As a regular employee, Freddie can only be dismissed for just or authorized causes and with due process. The Court found that Freddie was illegally dismissed, and due to the strained relationship between the parties, awarded him separation pay in lieu of reinstatement. Backwages, service incentive leave pay, and 13th month pay were also awarded to Freddie. The Court further granted attorney's fees and ordered the total monetary award to earn interest at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of finality of the decision until it is fully paid.

 

 

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Salazar v. Simbajon, G.R. No. 202374, [June 30, 2021]

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Salazar v. Simbajon

 G.R. No. 202374, [June 30, 2021]

SECOND, LOPEZ, M.

 

Appeals in Labor cases; NLRC rules of procedure; Right to Appeal; Posting of Bond 

Compliance with the bond requirement for appeals involving monetary awards is not only mandatory but also jurisdictional. Failure to comply with this requirement may result in the dismissal of the appeal and render the decision final and executory. However, the court acknowledges that in meritorious cases, the bond requirement may be relaxed if there is substantial compliance with the rules governing appeals.

 

Simbajon, et al. filed a Complaint against Q.S.O. Disco Pub & Restaurant and/or Abelardo Salazar, Quirino Ortega, and Lucia Bayang before the Labor Arbiter. They alleged unfair labor practices, illegal dismissal, underpayment of salaries, and non-payment of benefits. Simbajon, et al. claimed to have worked in various capacities for the restaurant for several years. They asserted that after forming a union, they were harassed by the management, leading to their alleged dismissal under the pretext of business closure due to bankruptcy. However, they disputed the financial stability of the restaurant. 

Abelardo denied any employment relationship with Simbajon, et al., claiming that Lucia and Quirino were the owners of the restaurant and he was merely the lessor of the building. The Labor Arbiter held Abelardo, Lucia, and Quirino liable for illegal dismissal and monetary claims. Abelardo appealed to the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) and posted bonds to secure the appeal. The NLRC later exonerated Abelardo.  Simbajon, et al. appealed to the Court of Appeals (CA), alleging that Abelardo's appeal was not perfected due to non-compliance with the bond requirement. 

 

Whether or not Abelardo Salazar's appeal to the NLRC was properly perfected.

YES. The Supreme Court held that Abelardo Salazar's appeal was properly perfected. It emphasized that the right to appeal is a statutory privilege, subject to compliance with the requirements of the law. In labor cases, Article 223 of the Labor Code and NLRC rules mandate the posting of a cash or surety bond for appeals involving monetary awards. Compliance with this requirement is not only mandatory but jurisdictional as well. However, the Court recognized that the bond requirement may be relaxed in meritorious cases, provided there is substantial compliance with the rules. 

In this case, Abelardo substantially complied with the bond requirement by posting a total of P3,600,000.00 out of the total monetary award of P3,683,394.45, within the reglementary period. The Court also examined the employment relationship between Abelardo and Simbajon, et al. applying the four-fold test: selection and engagement, payment of wages, power to dismiss, and power to control. It found no substantial evidence supporting an employment relationship between Abelardo and Simbajon, et al. Abelardo's evidence, including contracts, tax returns, and other documents, supported his claim of being the lessor of the restaurant rather than the employer. Therefore, the Court reversed the CA's decision and reinstated the NLRC's ruling, exonerating Abelardo Salazar from liability.

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Dusol v. Lazo, G.R. No. 200555, [January 20, 2021]

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Dusol v. Lazo

G.R. No. 200555, [January 20, 2021]

SECOND, LOPEZ, M.

 

Illegal Dismissal; Employer-employee Relationship; Proof of employment

 

The elements of an employer-employee relationship, such as selection and engagement, payment of wages, power of dismissal, and control over work conduct, are important to establish the employment status and the nature of the relationship between parties involved in labor disputes. 

Pedro and Maricel Dusol (the petitioners) filed a complaint against Emmarck A. Lazo (the respondent), owner of Ralco Beach, alleging illegal dismissal, underpayment of benefits, and deprivation of procedural due process. Pedro had worked as the beach resort's caretaker since January 6, 1993, while Maricel was employed as a store manager starting January 28, 2007. They were compensated through allowances and commissions from the resort's rentals and sales. However, on July 31, 2008, Emmarck notified them of the resort's closure as he will be leasing out Ralco Beach, leading to their termination. The petitioners claimed that they were illegally dismissed. Whereas Emmark countered that they are partners and not employees, hence no illegal dismissal may took place. 

 

Whether Pedro and Maricel were employees or partners of Emmarck. 

NO. The court found merit in Pedro and Maricel's petition, as it was established that they were employees, not partners, of Emmarck. While Emmarck claimed a partnership existed, no documentary evidence supported this, and the mere receipt of profits does not establish a partnership when those profits are akin to wages. The court concluded that Emmarck had control over Pedro and Maricel's work, evidenced by his admission that he entrusted the resort's operation to them. Despite the absence of written guidelines, Emmarck exercised control, as demonstrated by his imposition of a mark-up on store items. Consequently, the lack of procedural due process in their dismissal rendered it illegal. As the resort's closure was not due to serious business losses, Pedro and Maricel were entitled to separation pay, nominal damages, wage differentials, 13th-month pay, and attorney's fees.

 

 

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Junio v. Pacific Ocean Manning, Inc., G.R. No. 220657 (Resolution), [March 16, 2022]

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Junio v. Pacific Ocean Manning, Inc.

G.R. No. 220657 (Resolution), [March 16, 2022]

THIRD, LOPEZ, M.

 

Collective Bargaining Agreement; Permanent Total Disability Benefits; Damages 

The court reaffirms the reciprocal obligations outlined in Section 20(A) of the 2010 POEA-SEC, emphasizing that while the seafarer must submit to a post-employment medical examination within three working days of repatriation, the employer is duty-bound to conduct a meaningful and timely examination of the seafarer. Failure to fulfill these obligations, particularly the employer's refusal to refer the seafarer to a company-designated physician, may result in the seafarer's entitlement to total disability benefits being upheld by law, even in the absence of a formal assessment by the company-designated physician.

 

Celestino had been employed by Pacific Ocean Manning, Inc. (Pacific Manning) for 16 years when he entered into a nine-month employment contract with Pacific Manning on behalf of its foreign principal, Mega Chemical Tanker (Mega Tanker), to serve as a Fitter onboard MCT Monte Rosa. Before deployment, Celestino underwent a pre-medical employment examination and boarded the vessel on January 30, 2011. On June 15, 2011, while performing maintenance, Celestino sustained an eye injury when a hose detached and hit his left eye. He reported the incident, but his request for a medical examination was denied as the vessel was departing. On September 11, 2011, Celestino collapsed while working and was referred to an offshore physician, Dr. Daniel Jenkins III. Celestino underwent medical tests, which revealed several health issues, including a partial tear in his posterior retina. He was repatriated on September 21, 2011, and sought medical treatment upon his return. Despite his requests, Celestino was not referred to a company-designated physician by Pacific Manning. He filed a complaint on February 10, 2012, seeking disability benefits and damages.

 

Whether Celestino is entitled to permanent total disability benefits, sickness allowance, damages, and attorney's fees. 

YES. The Court found in favor of Celestino. It determined that Celestino's repatriation was due to medical reasons and not the completion of his contract. Celestino complied with the three-day mandatory reporting requirement by reporting to Pacific Manning within two days of repatriation. Despite this, Pacific Manning failed to refer Celestino to a company-designated physician. The Court concluded that Celestino's medical condition was work-related and compensable. Since no valid post-employment medical examination was conducted, Celestino's disability was deemed total and permanent by operation of law. Consequently, the Court reinstated the decision awarding permanent total disability benefits, sickness allowance, and attorney's fees in favor of Celestino.

 

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Skanfil Maritime Services, Inc. v. Centeno, G.R. No. 227655, [April 27, 2022]

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SSkanfil Maritime Services, Inc. v. Centeno

 G.R. No. 227655, [April 27, 2022]

THIRD, LOPEZ, M.

 

Collective Bargaining Agreement; Permanent Total Disability Benefits; Damages 

A seafarer who suffered permanent total disability due to a work-related accident is granted disability benefits and attorney's fees after the company-designated physicians failed to issue a valid medical assessment within the prescribed period, while the awards for moral and exemplary damages were deleted due to insufficient evidence of bad faith or fraud.

 

Almario was hired by Skanfil as a mess person on board M/V "DIMI" POS TOPAS in March 2013. On September 26, 2013, Almario fell from a ladder while working and suffered injuries. Almario was brought to a hospital in Japan and was diagnosed with a blunt head injury, blunt back injury, lacerated scalp wound, and brain concussion. Almario was repatriated to the Philippines on October 2, 2013, and was referred to the company-designated physicians for medical assessment and treatment. The physicians assessed Almario's injury as "S/P Suturing of Lacerated Wound on the Scalp, Fracture S3; Mild L3-L4 Disc Bulge." Almario was also treated by other specialists. After weeks of treatment and rehabilitation, Almario was cleared by the company-designated physicians and signed a 10th and Final Report and Certificate of Fitness for Work stating that he was "fit for duty” issued on February 7, 2014, or eight days beyond the prescribed period. However, Almario consulted another physician who declared him permanently unfit to resume sea duties. Almario filed a complaint for permanent disability benefits against Skanfil. 

 

Whether Almario is entitled to permanent total disability benefits, moral and exemplary damages, and attorney's fees. 

YES. The court ruled in favor of Almario, granting him permanent total disability benefits and attorney's fees. The seafarer's entitlement to disability benefits is governed by the law, the parties' contracts, and the medical findings. The company-designated physician must issue a final medical assessment on the seafarer's disability grading within a period of 120 days from the time the seafarer reported to him. If the company-designated physician fails to give his assessment within the period of 120 days, without any justifiable reason, then the seafarer's disability becomes permanent and total.

 

 

Here, the company-designated physicians failed to issue a valid medical assessment within the prescribed period of 120 days from Almario's repatriation. In this case, the 10th and Final Report and the Certificate of Fitness for Work are not final and valid assessments. They are incomplete and not definitive of Almario's state of health and capacity to resume work. Most importantly, they were issued beyond the prescribed period. Therefore, it was not a valid assessment. Consequently, Almario's disability is considered permanent and total. 

Skanfil was adjudged solidarily liable to pay Almario Centeno his total disability benefits under the CBA. The court deleted the awards for moral and exemplary damages, as there was insufficient evidence to show bad faith or fraud on the part of Skanfil. However, the award of attorney's fees was retained. The court also imposed a legal interest of 6% per annum on the total monetary awards until complete payment.

 

 

 

 

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Knutson v. Sarmiento-Flores, G.R. No. 239215, [July 12, 2022]

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Knutson v. Sarmiento-Flores

 G.R. No. 239215, [July 12, 2022]

EN BANC, LOPEZ, M.V

 

VAWC Law; Father can apply for protection orders; Mothers can be offenders under RA 9262 

It is the legislative intent of RA 9262 to protect both women and children from violence, and the use of the gender-neutral term "person" in the law includes offenders of either sex. RA No. 9262 covers a situation where the mother committed violent and abusive acts against her own child.

 

In 2005, Randy Michael Knutson (Randy), an American citizen, married Rosalina Sibal Knutson (Rosalina) in Singapore, and they had a daughter named Rhuby Sibal Knutson (Rhuby). Randy and Rosalina became estranged after he discovered her extra-marital affairs, but Randy supported Rosalina and Rhuby. 

Rosalina got hooked in casinos and incurred large debts from casino financiers prompting her to sell the house and lot, condominium unit, and vehicles that Randy provided for the family. Rosalina rented an apartment and got herself a boyfriend. Randy advised Rosalina to be discreet in her illicit affairs because it is not good for Rhuby to see her mother with another man. Randy discovered later that Rosalina hurt Rhuby by pulling her hair, slapping her face and knocking her head. One time, Rosalina pointed a knife at Rhuby and threatened to kill her. Rosalina even texted Randy about her plan to kill their daughter and commit suicide. The neighbors of Rosalina complained about noisy parties and pot sessions in her apartment. The lessor even terminated the lease after marijuana plants were confiscated in the premise. Randy reported these incidents to the police, but no assistance was provided for domestic issues. 

On December 7, 2017, Randy, on behalf of minor Rhuby, filed against Rosalina a petition under RA No. 9262 for the issuance of Temporary and Permanent Protection Orders before the RTC. Randy averred that Rosalina placed Rhuby in a harmful environment deleterious to her physical, emotional, moral, and psychological development. The Regional Trial Court (RTC) dismissed Randy's petition for protection and custody orders under RA No. 9262, reasoning that the law did not cover a situation where a mother committed violence against her child. 

 

Whether the father can avail remedies under RA No. 9262, on behalf of his minor child, against the mother's violent and abusive acts.

YES. The law criminalizes acts of violence against women and their children perpetrated by women’s intimate partners, i.e., husband; former husband; or any person who has or had sexual or dating relationship with the woman, or with whom the woman has a common child. However, the Court in Garcia emphasized that the law does not single out the husband or father as the culprit. The statute used the gender-neutral word “person” as the offender which embraces any person of either sex. Logically, a mother who maltreated her child resulting in physical, sexual, or psychological violence defined and penalized under RA No. 9262 is not absolved from criminal liability notwithstanding that the measure is intended to protect both women and their children.

RA No. 9262 allows the father of the offended party to apply for protection and custody orders. In Garcia vs. Drilon, Section 9(b) of RA No. 9262 explicitly allows “parents or guardians of the offended party” to file a petition for protection orders. The statute categorically used the word “parents” which pertains to the father and the mother of the woman or child victim. There is no question that the offended party is Rhuby, a minor child, who allegedly experienced violence and abuse. Thus, Randy may assist Rhuby in filing the petition as the parent of the offended party.

 

 

 

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Turalba y Villegas v. People, G.R. No. 216453, [March 16, 2022]

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Turalba y Villegas v. People

 G.R. No. 216453, [March 16, 2022]

THIRD, LOPEZ, M.V

 

Carnapping; Psychosis as Mitigating Circumstance; Insanity Defense 

Anyone who pleads insanity bears the burden to prove it with clear and convincing evidence since the accused invoking the affirmative defense admits to have committed the crime, but claims that he or she is not guilty because of insanity. The burden of proof on the issue of insanity rests on the accused, and mere abnormality of mental faculties is insufficient to exclude imputability. With respect to mitigating circumstance, insanity was recognized only when there was a showing of some impairment of mental faculties but not a complete loss of intelligence or consciousness.

 

Oligario was charged with carnaping for stealing a 1996 model CRV Honda Wagon belonging to Gregorio Calimag. The incident occurred on November 20, 2007, in Olongapo City. Oligario pleaded not guilty, and during the trial, the prosecution presented evidence, including testimonies establishing the elements of the crime. Oligario raised the defense of insanity, supported by the testimony of Dr. Ma. Lourdes Labarcon Evangelista, who assessed him with psychosis due to alcohol and methamphetamine use. In defense, Dr. Evangelista testified and narrated that she first met Oligario on October 24, 2007 at the Mariveles Mental Hospital for evaluation and management of his mental condition. After tests, Dr. Evangelista assessed Oligario with psychosis ("nawawala sa sarili") due to use of alcohol and methamphetamine. She prescribed medication and scheduled a follow-up checkup, but Oligario was not able to come back as he was already detained for the carnapping incident. Oligario contends that his mental condition should either completely absolve him of criminal liability or, at the very least, be considered as a mitigating circumstance. The Regional Trial Court (RTC) convicted Oligario, finding all elements of carnaping present, while the CA affirmed the conviction, rejecting the insanity defense. The case involves the petition for review on certiorari challenging the decision in convicting Oligario for Carnapping. 

 

Whether or not Oligario's alleged insanity is a valid defense for Carnapping in this case. 

NO. The Supreme Court denied Oligario's petition for lack of merit. The Court held that Oligario failed to establish his mental state, particularly his insanity, with clear and convincing evidence. The burden of proof on the issue of insanity rests on the accused, and mere abnormality of mental faculties is insufficient to exclude imputability. Thus, the accused must prove the following: first, that the insanity constitutes a complete deprivation of intelligence, reason, or discernment; and second, the insanity existed at the time of, or immediately preceding, the commission of the crime.

The Court stressed that Oligario did not present witnesses or evidence to demonstrate his abnormal or bizarre behavior immediately before or simultaneous with the commission of the crime. The Court rejected Oligario's insanity defense considering that the manner by which he perpetrated the offense suggests full consciousness of his criminal act. Dr. Evangelista's medical assessment was rendered inconclusive and insufficient proof of the mental condition of Oligario. While Oligario asserted insanity, the Court found it insufficient to warrant exemption from criminal liability.

Regarding the argument for considering insanity as a mitigating circumstance, Oligario failed to establish his mental state, much less his insanity. As held in jurisprudence, insanity was recognized as a mitigating circumstance only when there was a showing of some impairment of mental faculties but not a complete loss of intelligence or consciousness. While it can be true that there was some impairment of Oligario's mental faculties, due to psychosis, the Court held that such impairment was not so complete as to deprive him of his intelligence or the consciousness of his acts.

Moreover, Oligario was charged with violation of RA No. 6539, a special law, which is not governed by the rules of penalties under the RPC. The penalty imposed by the RTC and affirmed by the CA, based on the Indeterminate Sentence Law, was deemed correct. Consequently, Oligario was found guilty of Carnapping and sentenced to an indeterminate penalty of fourteen (14) years and eight (8) months, as minimum, to seventeen (17) years and four (4) months, as maximum. 

 

 

 

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